Hoy día veremos algunos párrafos tomados de un manual de cetrería. La cetrería estuvo muy en boga durante la edad media hasta el renacimiento, fue visto como algo de la nobleza, algo caballeresco. España no fue una excepción, ya que en dicho país abundaba textos diversos sobre la cetrería y sus técnicas. Parece que en Europa ocupó una posición en la sociedad que hoy día la tienen los deportes ecuestres.
Juan de
Vallés
Libro de acetrería y montería (1556)
COMIENÇA EL
LIBRO PRIMERO
QUE TRACTA
DE LOS AÇORES Y GAVILANES
CAPÍTULO
PRIMERO
De los
primeros inventores de la caça y porqué se llama acetrería
COMO todos los mortales sean inclinados a querer saber
y, especialmente desseen tener noticia de aquellos principios que las cosas
tuvieron, haviendo yo de escrevir de la caça parecióme que no era fuera de
propósito dezir el origen y principio della. La caça, pues, principalmente es
en dos maneras: la una es la de la montería, que es aquella en que se matan
venados, corços, puercos javalís, ossos y otras bestias fieras y animales
salvajes; la otra es la de la acetrería, que es aquella que se caça con el buelo
de las aves de rapiña, assí como son açores, halcones, gavilanes, esmerejones,
halcotanes[1],
águilas, meliones[2], aguilochos[3],
buarrillos[4],
cernícalos y otras semejantes que son amansadas y enseñadas por los hombres
para la caça de acetrería, la qual se llama assí porque en latín se llama ars
accipitraria, de accipiter que es vocablo común para açor, halcón, gavilán y
esmerejón, y está corrompido el vocablo de accipitraria diziendo acetrería; y
ahunque hay otras maneras y formas de caçar como son la de los abaurreros[5] y
otras semejantes, no es mi intención de hablar aquí dellas.
De la caça de la montería se lee en la historia
sagrada que el primer hombre que en ella se exercitó fue Caín y después Lamech
y después Nembrot y después Ismael y Esaú, que fueron robustos caçadores
monteros. En las otras historias de las gentes se lee que los thebanos fueron
los que primero inventaron la montería con canes y otros ingenios, cuya forma y
manera de caçar passó dellos a los phrigios y después a los atenienses y fue
muy alabada de Platón. Los reyes de los persas usaron y tuvieron en mucho esta
caça de la montería, teniéndola como por un primer elemento de la nobleza,
pareciéndoles que era exercicio bellicoso y otra segunda forma de guerrear y,
que exercitándose en ella se hazían hábiles para pelear y osados para acometer
y esperar.
De la caça de la acetrería dize el Budeo[6],
en el tratado que hizo sobre los pandetas[7],
que se maravilla mucho que, siendo esta arte de caça tan común y tan usada en
todo el mundo, no hoviessen tenido noticia della los antiguos, porque ni
Aristóteles ni Plinio, que escrivieron de todos los géneros de las águilas y
açores y halcones, ni otro alguno de los escritores antiguos, cuyas obras oy se
hallan, hizieron mención desta arte de caça, sino solamente Julio Fírmico, que
fue en el tiempo del emperador Constantino, hijo del gran Constantino, y el
mesmo Plinio que dize que en una parte de Tracia, azia Amphipolim[8], los hombres y los
halcones bravos caçan por una manera de compañía y hermandad, es a saber, que
los hombres sacan las aves que están en los cañaverales y los halcones andan
torneando por encima en lo alto, y como salen las aves de los cañaverales cahen
en ellas, y como ellas se tornan a meter y esconder en los cañaverales mátanlas
allí los hombres y después de muertas pártenlas con los halcones[9]. Pero ahunque
Budeo diga esto, la verdad es que se lee que Ulixes fue el primer inventor
desta caça el qual, después de destruida Troya, llevó a Grecia esta manera de
caçar para que con el deleite de tan nuevo passatiempo y recreación pudiesse
hazer olvidar a aquellos que en la guerra de Troya havían perdido sus padres y
parientes, el dolor grande que tenían de tanta pérdida. Crescentino[10] escrive
que el rey Danco[11] fue el primer hombre que
caçó con el gavilán.
CAPÍTULO II
Quál
exercicio sea más noble: el de la montería o el de la acetrería
PUES havemos dicho quienes fueron los primeros
inventores destas dos caças de montería y acetrería, veamos agora quál
exercicio dellas es el más noble, porque los monteros y otras muchas personas
dan el principado a la montería, y otros la dan a la acetrería.
Platón ensalça la montería como exercicio más noble y
menosprecia la acetrería, ahunque confiessa ser de más deleite y recreación, y
la razón en que se funda es diziendo que la montería es exercicio bellicoso, en
el qual se muestran y vezan[12] los
hombres a saber pelear, herir y vencer con proprias manos y con propria virtud
y esfuerço y que, como arriba se dixo, es como un primer elemento de la
nobleza. Esta misma opinión siguió el Rey don Alonso, Rey de Castilla y de
León, en un libro que compuso de montería, ahunque se funda en otras razones de
las quales las principales son tres. La una es diziendo que qualquier cosa que
se haze naturalmente y sin premia de aquel a quien se haze es demás dura, y que
assí es más noble que la que se haze con premia y forçando a natura, y que pues
los lebreles y sabuesos naturalmente y sin darles hambre acometen y prenden a
los venados, puercos y ossos, lo que no hazen las aves de rapiña en sus
presiones sin mucha hambre, dize que se concluye que es más noble exercicio el
de la montería. La segunda es diziendo que quanto mayor es la presión[13] tanto
es la caça mayor, y pues que la presión en la montería es un venado y osso y
puerco, que es muy mayor que una ave, que es la presión de la acetrería, dize
que se concluye ser más noble la montería. La tercera es diziendo que de todas
las cosas que Dios hizo en este mundo la más alta fue la cavallería, y que pues
el exercicio de la montería es el que más se allega a la cavallería, dize que
se sigue que ha de ser más noble la montería que la acetrería.
Pero los que somos caçadores della lo contrario
sentimos, salvo el acatamiento y reverencia que se deve a tan alto príncipe
como el Rey don Alonso, y a tan grave auctor como Platón, y contradiziendo
primero la razón de Platón, paréceme a mí que tanto quanto son de muy mayor
excellencia las fuerças del ingenio con las quales se exercita la acetrería que
las del cuerpo con las quales se exercita la montería, tanto más noble y más
excellente se sigue que ha de ser la caça de la acetrería que la de la
montería, en lo qual no puedo dexar de maravillarme mucho de Platón, que tan
grande descuido cupiesse en él haviendo él especialmente merecido aquel tan
alto título de divino por las fuerças de su ingenio y no por las del cuerpo.
Mas ¿quién me negará que infinitos pastores y otros hombres de baxa suerte
tendrán más rezias fuerças y pelearán con el osso y con el puerco, y ahun con
el hombre, muy mejor que muchas illustres personas cuyos ingenios y ánimos no
solamente bastan a vencer y sobrepujar muchas legiones de semejantes hombres,
mas ahun a conquistar muchos reinos y provincias? Pero no por esso se siguirá
que los tales pastores, por ser más rezios y pelear mejor, sean más nobles o se
alleguen más a la nobleza que los illustres que he dicho. De loar es, por
cierto, el ánimo de aquel que osa esperar el osso y el puerco y pelea con él y
le mata, pero a mi parecer mucho más aquel que con la vivez y fuerzas de
ingenio trahe una ave subjecta a su voluntad y haze della todo lo que quiere, y
la tiene sana de enfermedades, y quando le vienen se las sabe conocer y curar.
Y porque no parezca temeridad haver yo osado repugnar a Platón sin alguna
auctoridad, oyamos las palabras que el eloqüentíssimo y sapientíssimo Cicerón
dize en el libro primero De Legibus: «Mas ¿qué cosa hay, no solamente en el
hombre, mas en todos los cielos y en la tierra, que más divina sea que la
razón, la qual, como ni en el hombre ni en Dios no haya mejor cosa que ella, es
causa de que Dios tenga amistad con el hombre?»[14]. Oyamos también a
Salustio, varón doctíssimo y príncipe en la historia, las palabras que dize en
el proemio del Catilinario: «Mas toda nuestra fuerça consiste en dos cosas:
la una es en las fuerças del cuerpo y la otra es en las del ingenio y razón,
pero mucho más nos aprovechamos de la razón o ingenio que no del cuerpo, la una
de la quales nos es común con los dioses y la otra con las bestias, por lo qual
me parece que antes se deve buscar y adquirir la gloria por las fuerças del
ingenio que no por las del cuerpo»[15]. Esto dizen
Cicerón y Salustio y cada día confessamos ser ello verdad, pues luego que
conocemos un hombre de excellente ingenio, comparándolo con Dios, dezimos que
tiene un ingenio divino, y si vemos algún otro de muy rezias fuerças,
comparándolo con las bestias, dezimos que tiene fuerças de un toro. Dexo lo que
en esto me podría ayudar de la Sagrada Escritura, en la qual hallamos que todos
o los más que fueron monteros fueron malos hombres, y que los sacros cánones
condenan la montería por mala y la vedan a sacerdotes como arte en que se cevan
y vezan los hombres a deleitarse en la sangre y muerte del próximo, y dispensan
en la acetrería tomada por sóla recreación y passatiempo. Tanpoco me satisfaze
la primera razón del Rey don Alonso, pues está claro que de aquello que
naturalmente se obra nadie se maravilla refiriéndolo a natura, pero de todo
aquello que se haze sobre ella se admiran las gentes y lo tienen por milagro, y
assí dize Aristótiles que por las cosas que naturalmente tenemos, ni somos
dignos de alabança ni tanpoco de vituperio, y por esta
misma razón tienen los theólogos que los hombres no merecieran premio ni gloria
por las obras virtuosas y de caridad que hizieran si fuera tan natural a ellos
el obrarlas como son a los elementos las virtudes naturales con que
naturalmente obran por sus naturales efectos; y por el contrario, tanpoco
merecieran pena por las malas obras que hizieran si naturalmente las obraran,
porque el merecer o desmerecer nace de la libertad de la voluntad y libre
alvedrío, de manera que, volviendo a mi propósito, acometer y matar al puerco o
venado el lebrel o sabuesso, las gracias se deven a natura y no al caçador,
pero de hazer a un pequeño halcón acometer a una muy grande grúa[16] o
cigüeña o otras semejantes presiones, y subir tras la garça y milano y lechuza,
en el cielo, ahunque tanbién se deva por ello a natura, pero mucho se deve al
ingenio del caçador. Menos me cuadra la segunda razón, porque señaladamente en
la nobleza más se estima la qualidad de la cosa que la quantidad della, quanto
más que en respecto de una ave y sus fuerças, tan grande o mayor es su presión
que la del lebrel en su respecto. Y mucho menos se sigue la tercera razón,
porque tanto o más se usa la cavallería en la acetrería que en la montería y
con muchos más peligros, corriendo, saltando y salvando[17] con
el cavallo muchos barrancos y malos passos, y trastejando[18] muchas
riberas muy peligrosas quando se va a socorrer el açor o el halcón.
Por todas las quales razones justamente se concluye
que el exercicio de la caça de la acetrería, como exercicio en que se exercitan
las fuerças del ingenio, deve ser tenido por muy más noble y de más excellencia
que el exercicio de la caça de la montería, en que se exercitan las fuerças del
cuerpo, salvo mejor juizio debaxo de cuya correctión pongo yo el mío.
(al inglés)
Juan de Vallés
Book on falconry and venery (1556)
HERE BEGINS THE FIRST BOOK
WHICH TREATS OF THE GOSHAWKS AND SPARROW HAWKS
FIRST CHAPTER
On the first instigators of hunting and why it is called hunting
SINCE all mortals are inclined towards a desire to know, and
particularly wish to have some idea of the beginnings those things had, finding myself obliged to write on hunting, it seemed to me that it would not be
out of context to speak of its origin and beginning. Hunting is then, of two
ways: the first one is that of venery, which is where deer, roe deer, wild
boars, bears and other wild beasts are killed; the other is falconry, which is
where one hunts through the flight of birds of prey, such as goshawks, falcons,
sparrow hawks, merlins, hobbies, eagles, white-tailed eagles, eaglets, scops
owls, kestrels and other similar species which are tamed and trained by man for
falconry hunting, which is called thusly because in the Latin tongue it is
called “ars accipitaria”, from “accipiter” which is a common word for the
goshawk, falcon, sparrow hawk and merlin, and the word accipitraria has been
corrupted, rendered as acetría [falconry]; and although there are other manners
of hunting such as those of the [working class][19] and others similar to
it, it shall not be my intention to discuss them here.
Regarding venery we can read in the sacred history that the first man who practiced it was Cain and Lamech after him, and then Nimrod, and then
Ismael and Esau after him, all of whom where robust mountain hunters. In other
tales of peoples, we read that the Thebans were the first ones to conceive of
hunting with dogs and of other tricks, whose guise and manner of hunting was
passed on from them to the Phrygians and then the Athenians and was greatly
praised by Plato. The Persian kings made use of and greatly esteemed this mounting
hunting, regarding it as a prime factor of nobility, seeming to them that is
was a martial exercise and another way of waging war, and so that by practicing
it they became skilled at fighting and daring at attacking and lying in wait.
Regarding falconry hunting Budé[20] says in the treatise
that he wrote on pandects, that it was so surprising that (being this art of
hunting so commonplace and so in use throughout the world) the ancients left no
notice of it, for neither Aristotle nor Pliny, both of whom wrote on every
genes of eagles, goshawks and falcons, nor any other ancient writer whose works
are extant today, made mention of this art of hunting, save for Julius Firmicus
Maternus, who lived during the time of the emperor Constantine, son of
Constantine the Great, and the same Pliny who says in one passage about Thrace,
heading toward Amphipolis, that men and fierce falcons hunt in a communal and
brotherly manner, that is, that the men beat the birds out of the reed fields
and the falcons proceed to fly back and forth up on high, and how the birds
emerge from the reed fields, the falcons swoop down on them, and how the birds
again return to hide in the reed fields, that the men then kill them there and
after being slaughtered, they share them with the falcons[21].
But even though Budé should say this, the truth is that we read that
Ulysses was the first instigator of hunting, he who after the destruction of
Troy, brought this manner of hunting to Greece so that through the pleasure
of such a novel pastime and recreation they could make those forget about the
parents and relations who had been slain in the Trojan war, the great pain
which they felt for such a loss. Pietro de' Crescenzi[22] writes that Dancus Rex[23] was the first man to
hunt with the sparrow hawk.
CHAPTER 2
On what pursuit may be considered most noble: that of venery or falconry
SINCE we have said who were
the first instigators of these two [manners] of hunting, venery and falconry,
let us now find out which pursuit of the two should be the most noble, because
venery hunters give preference to venery and others give it to falconry. Plato
praises venery as a most noble pursuit and defames falconry, although he admits
that is it more enjoyable and recreational, and the reason on which it’s based
is stating that venery is a bellicose pursuit, where men show and acquaint
themselves with learning how to fight, wound and vanquish using their own hands
and their own strength and virtue and that, as we said before, is like a prime
factor of nobility. This same opinion was followed by King don Alonso, King of
Castile and Leon, in a book that he penned on venery, although it is founded on
other reasonings, of which the main ones are threefold.
The first is, he states that anything which is carried out naturally and without haste on behalf of he who is engaging in it, is moreover harsh, and that hence it is nobler than that which is carried out with haste and challenging nature, and since both sighthounds and bloodhounds suffering hunger by nature attack and prey on venison, boars and bears, something birds of prey do not do with their prey without suffering hunger, he says that “we conclude that [falconry] is a more noble pursuit than that of venery[24]”. The second one is, he states that the larger the prey the better the hunt is, and as the prey in venery will be a deer, bear and pork, that it is [prey] very much larger than a bird, which is prey in falconry, he says “we conclude that venery is the more noble [pursuit]”. The third one is, he states that of all the things God created in this world, cavalry was the most exalted, and that as the pursuit of venery is the one most associated with cavalry, he says “that it follows that venery must be nobler than falconry”.
The first is, he states that anything which is carried out naturally and without haste on behalf of he who is engaging in it, is moreover harsh, and that hence it is nobler than that which is carried out with haste and challenging nature, and since both sighthounds and bloodhounds suffering hunger by nature attack and prey on venison, boars and bears, something birds of prey do not do with their prey without suffering hunger, he says that “we conclude that [falconry] is a more noble pursuit than that of venery[24]”. The second one is, he states that the larger the prey the better the hunt is, and as the prey in venery will be a deer, bear and pork, that it is [prey] very much larger than a bird, which is prey in falconry, he says “we conclude that venery is the more noble [pursuit]”. The third one is, he states that of all the things God created in this world, cavalry was the most exalted, and that as the pursuit of venery is the one most associated with cavalry, he says “that it follows that venery must be nobler than falconry”.
But for those of us who
practice this form of hunting, we feel the opposite [to be the case], save for
the observance and reverence that is to be beholden to such an exalted prince
like King don Alonso, and such a circumspect writer as Plato, and to contradict
firstly the reasoning of Plato, it seems to me that all of the the powers of
intellect with which falconry is practiced compared to those of the body with
which venery is practiced are of a much greater excellence, to such a degree it
follows that the nobler and most excellent of the two has to be falconry
hunting, of which I can’t help but be amazed by Plato, that there should be
such an incaution present in him, for having been especially worthy of that
most exalted moniker of divine
for the strengths of his genius and not for those of the body. Yet, who would
deny that innumerable shepherds and other men of ill-fortune will possess robust
strength and would fight against a bear and a boar, and even with a man much
more effectively than many illustrious individuals whose geniuses and spirits
not only are sufficient enough to defeat and overcome many legions of similar
men, but also to conquer many kingdoms and provinces?
But not for that reason shall it follow that such shepherds, being more robust and fighting more effectively, be nobler or that they may attain greater nobility than the illustrious individuals that I have mentioned. What is praiseworthy is of course the spirit of he who dares to wait for the bear and the boar and fight with and kill them, but in my view, more much [praiseworthy] is he, who through his spiritedness and powers of intellect bears a bird subject to his own command and makes of it all that he wishes, and keeps it free from diseases and when this occurs he knows how to recognize and cure them.
But not for that reason shall it follow that such shepherds, being more robust and fighting more effectively, be nobler or that they may attain greater nobility than the illustrious individuals that I have mentioned. What is praiseworthy is of course the spirit of he who dares to wait for the bear and the boar and fight with and kill them, but in my view, more much [praiseworthy] is he, who through his spiritedness and powers of intellect bears a bird subject to his own command and makes of it all that he wishes, and keeps it free from diseases and when this occurs he knows how to recognize and cure them.
And so it not seem a temerity for me to have
dared repudiate Plato without any authority, let us listen to the words of the
most eloquent and wise Cicero, who says in the first book of De Legibus [On
Laws]: “But, what is there, not just in man, but in all of the heavens and
earth, that could be more divine than reason, the which, since in neither man
nor God there is to be found anything superior, is cause for God to have
friendship with man?”[25]. Let us also hear Sallust, a most learned man and prince of history, the words he speaks in the premium
of his work The Conspiracy of Catiline: “Yet all of our strength consists of
two things: the first one being the strength of the body and other of intellect
and reason, the first of which is typical of the Gods and the other of beasts,
hence it seems to me that one must first seek and acquire glory through the
strength of the intellect rather than through that of the body”[26].
This is what both Cicero and
Sallust say, and every day we acknowledge it to be true, for then we may recognize
a man of excellent intellect, comparing him to a God, we say that he has a
divine intellect, and if we see anyone else with very robust strength, we
compare him to the beasts, we say he has the strength of a bull. I shall allow
for the Holy Scripture to come to my assistance, where we read that all or
nearly those who were venery hunters were bad men, and that the holy canons
condemn venery as something foul and they prohibit priests from [practicing] an
art where men become enraged and are prone to take delight in the bloodshed and
killing of a fellow [being], and they are [only] exonerated from this when
falconry is practiced as but a recreation and pastime.
Nor does the first reasoning
of King don Alonso satisfy me, for it is clear that no one is surprised by what
functions naturally [when] attributing it to nature, but all that is done with
her is admired by people and considered as miraculous, and hence Aristotle says
that of the things which we possess naturally, we are deserving of neither
praise nor vituperation, and for this very reason theologians maintain that men
should not be deserving of gain nor glory for virtuous and charitable works if
it were as natural for them to carry them out as it is for the elements their
natural virtues, with which by nature they carry out their natural effects; and
on the contrary, they deserve neither punishment for the evil works that they
carried out if they were carried out according to nature, because being worthy
or unworthy is born from freedom of choice and freewill, in such a way that,
returning to my intention, attacking and killing the boar or venison, the
sighthound or bloodhound, the thanks they owe to nature and not to the hunter,
but making a small falcon attack a very large crane or stork or other similar
prey, and fly after the heron, kite and the owl up in the sky, although this is
also owed to nature in part, but much of it is due to the intellect of the
hunter. The second reasoning sits even less well with me, because clearly in
nobility, the quality of something is more highly esteemed than its quantity,
even more so with regard to a bird and its strength, so much greater is the
magnitude of its prey compared to that of the sighthound in this respect.
And the third reasoning
follows even less so, for cavalry is used as much or more so in falconry than
in venery and with many more dangers; running, jumping and clearing many
gullies and difficult passes with the horse, also checking many a most
dangerous bank when coming to the aid of the goshawk or the falcon.
For all of the said reasons,
we can conclude fairly that the pursuit of falconry hunting, as a pursuit where
all of powers of the intellect are exercised, must be regarded as the nobler
and of greater excellence than the pursuit of venery hunting, in which [only]
physical strength is exercised, save for a better judgement under whose
correction I place my own.
[1] «halcotán»: alcotán.
[2] «melión»: pigargo.
[3] «aguilocho»: aguilucho.
[4] «buarrillo»:
buharro (corneja).
[5] Nescio. ¿obreros? ¿barreros? Quizá
sea un vocablo de origen vasco, ya que Vallés vivía en Navarra como tesorero general de la cámara de Comptos Reales desde los años 1524 a
1564, según dice un sitio muy completo de cetrería, http://www.aic.uva.es/. ¿Es
posible que escribió esta palabra con una audiencia vasca en mente? «aurre»
quiere decir delante en vasco. Ignoro si el mismo autor fuera
vascohablante. Quizá quería escribir barrero en el sentido de barrizal,
es decir, cazar por los barrizales. Después de todo, conjeturo que sea
simplemente una variante local y vascuence de obrero.
[6] Guillaume Budé, helenista y
humanista francés del siglo XVI.
[7] Annotationes in XXIV libros
Pandectarum (1508).
[8] «Amphipolim»: Anfípolis.
[9] Plinio, Historia Natural, X,
23: «Pliny, Natural History, X, 23: «In Thraciae parte super Amphipolim homines
et accipitres societate quadam aucupantur. hi ex silvis et harundinetis
excitant aves, illi supervolantes deprimunt rursus; captas aucupes dividunt cum
iis. traditum est missas in sublime sibi excipere eos et, cum sit tempus
capturae, clangore ac volatus genere invitare ad occasionem. simile quiddam
lupi ad Maeotim paludem faciunt. nam nisi partem a piscantibus suam accepere,
expansa eorum retia lacerant».
[10] Pedro Crecentino o Pietro de'
Crescenzi en el italiano.
[11] «Dauco» en el manuscrito. Un error que viene
directamente del texto latín de Crescentino, quien lo escribió, por error suyo
o del editor, como «Daucus». Quiso decir Dancus, el mítico rey medieval armiño
que escribió el tratado Dancus Rex. «et horum inventor dicitur
fuisse rex Daucus qui divino intellectu novit naturam accipitrum et falconum et
eos domesticare ad praedam instuere, et ab aegritudinibus liberare»; íbid.
[12] «vezar»: avezar,
acostumbrar.
[13] «presión»: presa. «Lo mismo que prea en la caza. Es
voz antiquada». DRAE (1739).
[14] De Legibus I, 22: «Quid est
autem, non dicam in homine, sed in omni caelo atque terra, ratione diuinius? (Quae quom adoleuit atque perfecta est, nominatur rite
sapientia). Est igitur, quoniam nihil est ratione melius, eaque [est] et in homine
et in deo, prima homini cum deo rationis societas».
[15] La conjuración de
Catilina, I: «Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et corpore sita est: animi imperio,
corporis servitio magis utimur; alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum beluis commune
est».
[16] «grua»: grulla. En el manuscrito le falta el
acento sobre la u.
[17] «salvar»: aquí con significado de «Recorrer la
distancia que media entre dos lugares» (DRAE).
[18] «trastejar»:
reparar, examinar.
[19] Manuscript
illegible here. It reads “abaurreros”. Either an obscure falconry term
not yet deciphered by Spanish language philologists, or perhaps (almost
certainly) a crass error by the scribe. I have not been able to find a trace of
the word online. Possibly he meant “barreros”, mires, or simply “obreros”,
workers, but these are just conjectures. If the author was a Basque speaker
(he lived in Navarra for around 40 years), it’s plausible that “abaurrero” was
simply a Basque influenced rendering of obrero, as the double r is such
a common sound in Euskera. Tentatively, I am going with this as my first conjecture.
[20] Guillaume Budé,
French scholar of the 16th century.
[21] Pliny, Natural
History, X, 23: «In Thraciae parte super Amphipolim homines et accipitres
societate quadam aucupantur. hi ex silvis et harundinetis excitant aves, illi
supervolantes deprimunt rursus; captas aucupes dividunt cum iis. traditum est
missas in sublime sibi excipere eos et, cum sit tempus capturae, clangore ac
volatus genere invitare ad occasionem. simile quiddam lupi ad Maeotim paludem
faciunt. nam nisi partem a piscantibus suam accepere, expansa eorum retia
lacerant». A Similar passage is to be found in Pseudo-Aristotle, On
Marvellous Things Heard, 118: “In Thrace above Amphipolis they say that
there is a remarkable occurrence, which is incredible to those who have not
seen it. For boys, coming out of the villages and places round to hunt small
birds, take hawks with them, and behave as follows: when they have come to a
suitable spot, they call the hawks addressing them by name; when they hear the
boys' voices, they swoop down on the
birds. The birds fly in terror into the bushes, where the boys catch them by
knocking them down with sticks. But there is one most remarkable feature in
this; when the hawks themselves catch any of the birds, they throw them down to
the hunters, and the boys after giving a portion of all that is caught to the
hawks go home” (Trans. W.S. Hett). [Περὶ δὲ τὴν Θρᾴκην τὴν ὑπὲρ Ἀμφίπολιν
φασὶ γίνεσθαί τι τερατῶδες καὶ ἄπιστον τοῖς μὴ τεθεαμένοις. ἐξιόντες γὰρ οἱ παῖδες
ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγγὺς χωρίων ἐπὶ θήραν τῶν ὀρνιθαρίων συνθηρεύειν
παραλαμβάνουσι τοὺς ἱέρακας, καὶ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν οὕτως. ἐπειδὰν προέλθωσιν εἰς
τόπον ἐπιτήδειον, καλοῦσι τοὺς ἱέρακας ὀνομαστὶ κεκραγότες· οἱ δ’ ὅταν ἀκούσωσι
τῶν παίδων τὴν p296 φωνήν, παραγινόμενοι
κατασοβοῦσι τοὺς ὄρνιθας· οἱ δὲ δεδιότες ἐκείνους καταφεύγουσιν εἰς τοὺς
θάμνους, ὅπου αὐτοὺς οἱ παῖδες ξύλοις τύπτοντες λαμβάνουσιν. ὃ δὲ πάντων ἄν τις
μάλιστα θαυμάσειεν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἱέρακες ὅταν αὐτοί τινα λάβωσι τῶν ὀρνίθων,
καταβάλλουσι τοῖς θηρεύουσιν, οἱ δὲ παῖδες ἁπάντων τῶν ἁλόντων μέρος τι τοῖς ἱέραξιν
ἀποδόντες ἀπέρχονται] (Greek text by Loeb Classical Library).
[22] 13th or 14th
century writer of the Ruralia commode, a famous agricultural handbook in
its time.
[23] Supposedly a
medieval king of Armenia. We possess no concrete facts about his existence
other than the attribution of his name to the 13th century Latin
treatise of falconry, “Dancus Rex”.
[24] Quotation marks are
my own.
[25] On the Laws, 1, 22: «Quid est
autem, non dicam in homine, sed in omni caelo atque terra, ratione diuinius?
(Quae quom adoleuit atque perfecta est, nominatur rite sapientia). Est igitur,
quoniam nihil est ratione melius, eaque [est] et in homine et in deo, prima
homini cum deo rationis societas».
[26] The Conspiracy of
Catiline, chap. 1: «Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et corpore sita est: animi
imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur; alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum
beluis commune est».
Galería:
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